Highlights
- •HRW reduced the clinical score of EAE.
- •HRW altered EAE by inhibiting inflammatory infiltration and demyelination of CNS.
- •HRW functions in EAE development largely by affecting the CD4+ population.
- •HRW inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation in CNS and peripheral immune organs
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). The high costs, inconvenient administration, and side effects
of current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs often lead to poor adherence
to the long-term treatment of MS. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy,
and anti-cancer effects. In the present study, we explored the prophylactic and therapeutic
effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the progress of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
(EAE), the animal model for MS. We found that prophylactic administration of both
0.36 mM and 0.89 mM HRW was able to delay EAE onset and reduce maximum clinical scores. Moreover, 0.89 mM HRW also reduced disease severity, CNS infiltration, and demyelination when administered
after the onset of disease. Furthermore, HRW treatment prevented infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes into the CNS and inhibited Th17 cell development without affecting
Th1 cell populations. Because HRW is non-toxic, inexpensive, easily administered,
and can readily cross the blood–brain barrier, our experiments suggest that HRW may
have great potential in the treatment of MS.
Graphical abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: March 14, 2016
Accepted:
March 11,
2016
Received in revised form:
February 29,
2016
Received:
November 29,
2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
