Journal of Neuroimmunology
Volume 215, Issue 1 , Pages 84-89 , 30 October 2009

Plasma levels of inflammatory and thrombotic/fibrinolytic markers in acute ischemic strokes: Relationship with TOAST subtype, outcome and infarct site

  • Antonino Tuttolomondo

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 091 6552128; fax: +39 091 6552285.
  • ,
  • Riccardo Di Sciacca

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Domenico Di Raimondo

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Antonia Serio

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Gisella D'Aguanno

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Sergio La Placa

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Rosaria Pecoraro

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Valentina Arnao

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Di Neuroscienze Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via La Loggia no. 1, 90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Luciana Marino

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Serena Monaco

      Affiliations

    • Divisione di Neurologia e Stroke Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Civico di Palermo, Via Carmelo Lazzaro, 90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Eraldo Natalè

      Affiliations

    • Divisione di Neurologia e Stroke Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Civico di Palermo, Via Carmelo Lazzaro, 90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Giuseppe Licata

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy
  • ,
  • Antonio Pinto

      Affiliations

    • Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, P.zza delle Cliniche, n.2,90127 Palermo, Italy

Received 28 January 2009 ,Revised 19 June 2009 ,Accepted 19 June 2009.

References 

  1. Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle J, Biller J, Love B, Gordon MD, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1993;e24:358
  2. Barone FC, Hillegass LM, Price WJ, White RF, Lee EV, Feuerstein GZ, et al. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration into cerebral focal ischemic tissue: myeloperoxidase activity assay and histologic verification. J. Neurosci. Res. 1991;29(3):336–345
  3. Barone FC, Arvin B, White RF, Miller A, Webb CL, Willette RN, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α: a mediator of focal ischemic brain injury. Stroke. 1997;28:1233–1244
  4. Bladin PF, Berkovic SF. Striatocapsular infarction: large infarcts in the lenticulostriate arterial territory. Neurology. 1984;34:1423–1430
  5. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Unilateral watershed cerebral infarcts. Neurology. 1986;36:373–377
  6. Carlstedt F, Lind L, Lindahl B. Proinflammatory cytokines, measured in a mixed population on arrival in the emergency department, are related to mortality and severity of disease. J. Intern. Med. 1997;242:361–365
  7. Castellanos M, Castillo J, García M, Leira R, Serena J, Chamorro A, et al. Inflammation-mediated damage in progressing lacunar infarctions. a potential therapeutic target. Stroke. 2002;33:982–987
  8. Chopp M, Zhang RL, Chen H, Li Y, Jiang N, Rusche JR. Post-ischemic administration of an anti-Mac-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke. 1994;25(4):869–875
  9. Damasio H. A computed tomographic guide to the identification of cerebral vascular territories. Arch. Neurol. 1983;40:138–142
  10. Fassbender K, Rossol S, Kammer T, Daffertshofer M, Wirth S, Dollman M, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemia: kinetics of secretion and relation to the extent of brain-damage and outcome of disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 1994;122:135–139
  11. Feuerstein GZ, Wang X, Barone FC. Inflammatory mediators and brain injury: the role of cytokines and chemokines in stroke and CNS diseases. In:  Ginsberg MD,  Bogousslavsky J editor. Cerebrovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. vol. 1:Boston, Mass: Blackwell Science; 1998;p. 507–531(10)
  12. Hart RG, Albers G, Koudstaal P. Cardioembolic stroke. In:  Ginsberg M,  Bogousslavsly J editor. Cerebrovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. Blackwell Science; 1998;p. 1392–1429
  13. Intiso D, Zarrelli MM, Lagioia G, Di Rienzo F, Checchia De Ambrosio C, Simone P, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alphaserum levels and inflammatory response in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurol. Sci. 2004;24(6):390–396
  14. Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Reith J, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Acute stroke with atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 1996;27:1765–1771
  15. Kochanek PM, Hallenbeck JM. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke. 1992;23(9):1367–1379
  16. Kochanek PM, Melick JA, Schoettle RJ, Magargee MJ, Evans RW, Nemoto EM. Platelet activating factor antagonists do not alter normal cerebral blood flow or cerebral oxygen consumption. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1990;277:345
  17. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;5(105(9)):1135–1143
  18. Licata G, Tuttolomondo A, Corrao S, Di Raimondo D, Fernandez P, Caruso C, et al. Immunoinflammatory activation during the acute phase of lacunar and non-lacunar ischemic stroke: association with time of onset and diabetic state. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2006;19(3):639–646
  19. Lin HJ, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, Beiser AS, Kase CS, Benjamin EJ, et al. Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Study. Stroke. 1996;27(10):1760–1764
  20. Ringelstein EB, Zeumer H, Angelou D. The pathogenesis of strokes from internal carotid artery occlusion: diagnostic and therapeutical implications. Stroke. 1983;14:867–875
  21. Rothwell NJ, Loddick SA, Stroemer P. Interleukins and cerebral ischaemia. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 1997;40:281–298
  22. Schneider DJ, Ricci MA, Taatjes DJ, Baumann PQ, Reese JC, Leavitt BJ, et al. Changes in arterial expression of fibrinolytic system proteins in atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997;17:3294–3301
  23. Smith CJ, Emsley HC, Gavin CM, Georgiou RF, Vail A, Barberan EM, et al. Peak plasma interleukin-6 and other peripheral markers of inflammation in the first week of ischaemic stroke correlate with brain infarct volume, stroke severity and long-term outcome. BMC Neurol. 2004;4:2–9
  24. Sotgiu S, Zanda B, Marchetti B, Fois ML, Arru G, Pes GM, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers in blood of patients with acute brain ischemia. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006;13:505–513
  25. Stoll G, Jander S, Schroeter M. Inflammation and glial response to ischemic brain lesions. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998;56:149–171
  26. Tarkowski E, Rosengren L, Blomstrand C, Wikkelsö C, Jensen C, Ekholm S, et al. Early intrathecal production of interleukin-6 predicts the size of brain lesion in stroke. Stroke. 1995;26(8):1393–1398
  27. Tarkowski E, Rosengren L, Blomstrand C, Jensen C, Ekholm S, Tarkowski A. Intrathecal expression of proteins regulating apoptosis in acute stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(2):321–327
  28. Vila N, Castillo J, Davalos A, Chamorro A. Proinflammatory cytokines and early neurological worsening in ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:2325–2329
  29. Weiller C, Ringelstein EB, Reiche W, Thron A, Buell U. The large striatocapsular infarct: a clinical and pathophysiological entity. Arch. Neurol. 1990;47:1085–1091
  30. Wodarz R. Watershed infarctions and computed tomography: a topographical study in cases with stenosis or occlusion of the carotid artery. Neuroradiology. 1980;19:245–248
  31. Yamasaki Y, Matsuura N, Shozuhara H, Onodera H, Itoyama Y, Kogure K. Interleukin-1 as a pathogenetic mediator of ischemic brain damage in rats. Stroke. 1995;26:676–681(11)
  32. Zu¨lch KJU. ber die Entstehung und Lokalisation der Hirninfarkte. Zbliz. Neurochir. 1961;21:158–178

PII: S0165-5728(09)00259-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.06.019

Journal of Neuroimmunology
Volume 215, Issue 1 , Pages 84-89 , 30 October 2009